An adverse-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer with nearly constant up to

In this study, a new well-resolved large-eddy simulation of an incompressible near-equilibrium adverse-pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layer (TBL) over flat plate is presented. simulation, we have established APG wide Reynolds-number range. so-called region interest, the Rotta–Clauser pressure-gradient parameter $\beta$ exhibits approximately constant value around 1.4, and Reynolds number based on momentum thickness reaches ${\textit {Re}}_{\theta }=8700$ . To best authors’ knowledge, to date highest }$ achieved for TBL under moderate APG. We evaluated self-similarity outer using two scalings, namely Zagarola–Smits alternative scaling edge velocity displacement thickness. Our results reveal that outer-layer similarity achieved, viscous collapses near-wall mean flow in agreement with classical theory. Spectral analysis reveals displaces some small-scale energy from region, effect observed all components Reynolds-stress tensor, which becomes more evident at higher numbers. general, effects are noticeable lower For instance, peak turbulent-kinetic-energy (TKE) production less prominent $Re$ Although scale separation increases {Re}}$ zero-pressure-gradient TBLs, accentuated by Despite reduction TKE numbers, mechanisms energisation large scales still present.